Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Fabricating Optical-quality Glass Surfaces to Study Macrophage Fusion
Published on: March 14, 2018
First-order nonparaxial scalar theory of surface and bulk scattering for high-quality optical coatings
Abstract:
A novel nonparaxial scalar theory is presented to calculate the angular scattering that is due to interface roughnesses or bulk inhomogeneities in a high-quality optical coating. Based on the empirically modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff surface scatter model, this theory in surface scattering and bulk scattering predicts similar formulas for the angular scattered intensity, and at the same time provides new understanding and insight into multilayer scattering phenomena. It is worth noting that the derived expressions are in the same form as those given by the typical vector methods. Based on comparisons of the surface and bulk models with the corresponding typical models for several multilayer designs, the novel theory is demonstrated to be valid for multilayer coatings even with large incident and scattering angles.
Related Concept Videos
Scalar Notation
Consider a man pulling a rope from a hook in the northeast direction. The...
Scalar and Vectors
Scalar quantities with the same physical units can be added or subtracted according to the usual algebra rules for numbers. For example, a class ending 10 min earlier than 50 min lasts...
Introduction to Scalars
Band Theory
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
Scientific Laws and Theories
Attribution Theory

