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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
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Self-Directed Walk With Ease Workplace Wellness Program - Montana, 2015-2017.

Robin P Silverstein, Melissa VanderVos, Heather Welch

    MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    |November 22, 2018
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    Summary

    The Walk With Ease program increased physical activity for Montana state employees with and without arthritis. It effectively reduced pain and fatigue in participants experiencing moderate to severe symptoms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Chronic Disease Management
    • Exercise Science

    Background:

    • Arthritis affects 27% of Montana adults, causing limitations and pain.
    • Physical activity is crucial for managing arthritis and preventing other chronic diseases.
    • The Walk With Ease program is a CDC-recommended, evidence-based intervention to boost physical activity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of the Walk With Ease program in a workplace wellness setting.
    • To analyze changes in physical activity, pain, and fatigue among participants with and without arthritis.
    • To assess program outcomes at 6 weeks and 6 months post-intervention.

    Main Methods:

    • The Walk With Ease program was integrated into a workplace wellness initiative for Montana state employees.
    • Participants' physical activity (walking, other exercises), stretching, pain, and fatigue were self-reported at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months.
    • Outcomes were analyzed based on self-reported arthritis status at enrollment.

    Main Results:

    • Significant increases in weekly walking and other physical activity minutes were observed for all participants.
    • Stretching time did not change significantly.
    • Participants with moderate/severe pain and fatigue (with or without arthritis) showed significant decreases in pain and fatigue post-program and at follow-up.

    Conclusions:

    • The self-directed Walk With Ease program, as part of a workplace wellness initiative, can effectively increase physical activity.
    • The program demonstrates potential benefits in reducing pain and fatigue, particularly for those with existing moderate to severe symptoms.
    • Workplace-based physical activity programs can benefit both individuals with and without arthritis.