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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
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Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs02:29

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

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Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is the transfer of protons; thus, logic suggests a relation between the relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, Ka or Kb, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. For the conjugate acid-base pair HA / A−, the ionization equilibrium equations and ionization constant expressions are
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Assessing Agrochemical Risk to Mated Honey Bee Queens
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Novel self-assembling conjugates as vectors for agrochemical delivery.

Pavani P Nadiminti1, Qingtao Liu2,3, Lavanya K Vanjari4

  • 1School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia. pavani.nadiminti@deakin.edu.au.

Journal of Nanobiotechnology
|November 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel self-assembling herbicide conjugate (SAP) offers a safer, sustainable alternative to traditional surfactant-based weed control. This new formulation demonstrates comparable herbicidal efficiency against broadleaf weeds, promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaHerbicidesPicloramSelf-assemblySurfactantsWeeds

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Agriculture

Background:

  • Modern agriculture extensively uses surfactant-based sprays for weed control, posing risks to crops, ecosystems, and human health.
  • Surfactants' widespread use necessitates safer alternatives to mitigate adverse environmental and health impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate a novel self-assembling herbicide conjugate for improved picloram delivery.
  • To explore the potential of self-assembling systems in agrochemical formulations as a sustainable alternative.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a self-assembling amphiphile-picloram (SAP) conjugate with lipophilic, hydrophilic, and herbicidal components.
  • Investigation of the SAP conjugate's colloidal stability and phase transitions in different environments.
  • Comparative analysis of the herbicidal efficiency of SAP conjugate versus commercial picloram formulations using Arabidopsis thaliana.

Main Results:

  • The SAP conjugate exhibits colloidal stability through rapid phase transitions between micellar and inverse micellar states.
  • Its unique structure enhances interaction with the hydrophobic leaf surface, improving herbicide delivery.
  • At agriculturally relevant doses, the SAP conjugate showed a dose-dependent herbicidal effect with kill rates comparable to commercial formulations.

Conclusions:

  • Self-assembling drug delivery systems, while established in pharmaceuticals, represent a largely unexplored frontier for agrochemicals.
  • The developed SAP conjugate serves as a viable alternative to current surfactant-based agrochemical formulations.
  • This innovation holds potential for transitioning agricultural practices towards greater sustainability.