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Related Concept Videos

Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Fast Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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Resolving orbital pathways for intermolecular electron transfer.

Cameron W Kellett1, Wesley B Swords2, Michael D Turlington2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.

Nature Communications
|November 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated direct orbital interactions enabling electron transfer in outer-sphere systems. This groundbreaking study reveals how intermolecular bonds facilitate electron movement without a chemical bridge, advancing electron transfer mechanism understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The concept of orbital-mediated electron transfer was established over 60 years ago.
  • Previous studies focused on bridged donor-acceptor systems.
  • An analogous pathway in outer-sphere systems remained unproven.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally resolve orbital interactions for electron transfer in systems lacking a covalent bridge.
  • To demonstrate an intermolecular orbital pathway for electron transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a series of surface-immobilized ruthenium catalysts with varying terminal substituents.
  • Investigated reactions with redox-active species in solution.
  • Resolved atomic-level orbital interactions.

Main Results:

  • Discovered that intermolecular chalcogen⋯iodide interactions mediate electron transfer.
  • Electron transfer occurs only when these interactions enable direct orbital contact between donor and acceptor.
  • Provided the most direct observation of an intermolecular orbital pathway for electron transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Intermolecular bonds can facilitate electron transfer in outer-sphere systems.
  • Direct orbital contact is crucial for intermolecular electron transfer mediation.
  • This work offers a new perspective on electron transfer mechanisms in non-bridged systems.