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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

55.1K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

2.0K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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Development of a novel solid phase microextraction calibration method for semi-solid tissue sampling.

Ruifen Jiang1, Wei Lin2, Lifang Zhang1

  • 1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|November 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new theoretical model for in vivo solid phase microextraction (SPME) in semi-solid tissues, improving quantitative analysis. The model accurately predicts extraction kinetics, enabling precise quantification of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Keywords:
In vivo SPMEOn-fiber standard calibrationPerformance reference compoundSPMESampling kinetic

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Quantitative analysis of semi-solid tissues using in vivo solid phase microextraction (SPME) presents challenges due to complex sample matrices.
  • Understanding extraction kinetics is crucial for accurate in vivo SPME analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new theoretical model for interpreting SPME kinetic extraction processes in semi-solid samples.
  • To investigate the influence of sample tortuosity and binding matrix on SPME extraction kinetics.
  • To establish a more efficient calibration method for quantifying organic compounds in semi-solid tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive study of SPME extraction kinetics in semi-solid samples.
  • Development and application of a theoretical model with derived mathematical expressions.
  • Modeling experiments to assess the effects of tortuosity and binding matrix.
  • Quantification of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agarose gel and fish tissue using an on-fiber standard calibration method.

Main Results:

  • Theoretically derived mathematical expressions accurately described experimental desorption time profiles.
  • Experimental data showed excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, validating the model.
  • The model effectively interpreted the impact of tortuosity and binding matrix on extraction kinetics.
  • A novel on-fiber standard calibration method using fewer internal standards was successfully developed and applied.

Conclusions:

  • The developed theoretical model provides a robust foundation for understanding and optimizing in vivo SPME in semi-solid tissues.
  • The new calibration method enhances the efficiency and accuracy of quantifying organic contaminants like PAHs and PCBs.
  • This research paves the way for improved quantitative analysis in complex biological matrices.