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Related Concept Videos

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Single shot, large area metal sintering with micrometer level resolution.

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    This study introduces an optics design for microscale additive manufacturing, enabling simultaneous sintering of large nanoparticle areas with high resolution. The new system significantly boosts throughput for creating 3D metal structures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Additive Manufacturing
    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Microscale additive manufacturing processes often face limitations in throughput and resolution.
    • Achieving simultaneous sintering of large areas while maintaining micrometer-scale features is a key challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present an optics design for a microscale Selective Laser Sintering (μ-SLS) system.
    • To enhance throughput in microscale additive manufacturing by enabling large-area simultaneous sintering.
    • To maintain micrometer-scale feature resolutions.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a novel optics design for μ-SLS.
    • Characterization of the system's ability to sinter nanoparticle layers.
    • Evaluation of feature resolution and optical resolution.

    Main Results:

    • The optics design successfully sintered a 2.3 mm x 1.3 mm area of metal nanoparticles in a single shot.
    • Achieved a feature resolution of approximately 3 μm with an optical resolution of ~1.2 μm.
    • Estimated volumetric throughput of ~63 mm³/hr for 3D metal structures.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optics design significantly improves throughput for microscale additive manufacturing.
    • The system offers high resolution suitable for complex 3D metal structures.
    • This advancement positions μ-SLS as a high-throughput method for microscale additive manufacturing.