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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
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Intraoperative Thermography of the Electrical Stimulation Mapping: A Safety Control Study.

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    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
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    A novel electric stimulation mapping (ESM) protocol for monitoring corticospinal tracts in children is safe. Infrared thermography confirmed minimal brain tissue temperature increases, even at high currents, with no destructive changes observed.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Neurophysiology
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Standard electric stimulation mapping (ESM) is crucial for intraoperative monitoring of corticospinal tract integrity.
    • Current ESM protocols are ineffective in approximately 20% of young pediatric patients.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the safety of a novel, high-frequency, high-current ESM protocol designed for improved efficacy in children.
    • To assess potential thermal effects and tissue damage associated with the new ESM paradigm.

    Main Methods:

    • Infrared thermography was used to capture thermal changes in the cortex during ESM in 13 pediatric patients.
    • Thermograms were analyzed to quantify temperature increases induced by currents ranging from 10 to 100 mA.
    • Histopathological examination of stimulated brain tissue was performed to detect any destructive changes.

    Main Results:

    • The novel ESM protocol induced a maximal temperature increase of 3.1 °C (average 1.23±0.72 °C) at peak currents of 100 mA.
    • Temperature increase correlated with stimulating electrode resistance.
    • Histopathological analysis revealed no destructive changes in the stimulated brain tissue.

    Conclusions:

    • Infrared thermography effectively measures the thermal effects of ESM.
    • The novel ESM protocol is safe for pediatric use, demonstrating minimal risk of brain tissue damage within the tested current range.