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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

33.8K
Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.9K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Translation01:31

Translation

156.4K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.4K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.8K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Extraction of Histones from Clinical Specimens for Epigenetic Profiling by Mass Spectrometry
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Extraction of Histones from Clinical Specimens for Epigenetic Profiling by Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 21, 2025

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Clinical epigenetics: seizing opportunities for translation.

María Berdasco1, Manel Esteller2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. mberdasco@idibell.cat.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic biomarkers offer a promising avenue for improving disease prediction and patient monitoring. Their reversible nature also holds potential for developing targeted epigenetic therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarker discovery and validation
  • Clinical epigenetics
  • Translational medicine

Background:

  • Biomarker discovery and validation are crucial for enhancing clinical outcome prediction and patient monitoring.
  • Current biomarkers often lack the desired range and quality, necessitating further development.
  • Integrating preclinical data for cost-effective, reliable biomarker measurement in clinical practice remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential of epigenetic alterations as valuable biomarkers.
  • To explore the therapeutic implications of the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications.
  • To discuss the expanding role of clinical epigenetics in oncology and other diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on biomarker discovery and epigenetic alterations.
  • Analysis of the integration of preclinical data for biomarker development.
  • Examination of epigenetic-based therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic alterations are emerging as strong candidates for reliable biomarkers.
  • The reversible nature of epigenetic modifications presents opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
  • Clinical epigenetics is increasingly applied in oncology and shows promise for neurological, infectious, and immune disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic biomarkers can significantly improve disease prediction and patient management.
  • Epigenetic therapies offer a novel approach to ameliorate disease symptoms.
  • Clinical epigenetics is a rapidly evolving field with broad applicability across various pathologies.