Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 2, 2026
04:34
Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia
Published on: February 17, 2023
1.6K
The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis
Ensiyeh Jenabi1, Salman Khazaei2, Yousef Veisani3
1a Pediatric Developmental Disorders Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.
Women & Health
|November 28, 2018
Summary
Current smoking is significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (painful periods) in women. This meta-analysis confirms a link, offering insights for prevention strategies.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Health
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, affects many women.
- The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea has been inconsistently reported in previous studies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically evaluate the association between smoking and dysmenorrhea using meta-analysis.
- To provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on smoking and menstrual pain.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar) for studies published between 1990 and 2017.
- Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, with heterogeneity assessed by I² statistics.
- Data were analyzed using Stata software, including subgroup analyses.
Main Results:
- Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis.
- A significant positive association was found between current smoking and dysmenorrhea (adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.69).
- The association was also significant for primary dysmenorrhea in the unadjusted model (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.85).
Conclusions:
- The pooled results demonstrate a significant association between smoking and dysmenorrhea.
- Findings support smoking cessation as a potential preventive measure for dysmenorrhea in women.
- This evidence can inform public health policies and interventions.
Related Concept Videos
02:12Relationship Formation
46.2K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.2K
01:28Ending Relationships
189
The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
189
01:09Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups
6.0K
Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
6.0K
01:27Relationship Growth
218
Interpersonal relationships progress through stages, beginning with awareness and moving toward mutuality, where emotional connections deepen. While many relationships remain at moderate levels of mutuality, deeper connections form through self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence.Self-DisclosureSelf-disclosure involves revealing personal information, starting with surface-level details and gradually progressing to more intimate content. As trust grows, individuals feel more comfortable...
218
01:30Social Relationships and Well-Being
313
The significance of social relationships in psychological well-being is a well-established area of inquiry within social psychology. Research consistently demonstrates that the presence of meaningful, supportive relationships enhances emotional health, while the absence or deterioration of such connections can contribute to psychological distress. Relationships serve as a foundation for emotional support, identity, and social belonging, all of which are critical to an individual’s overall...
313
01:29Close Relationships and Culture
239
Culture shapes how people approach attraction, choose partners, and build long-term relationships. While some preferences in mate selection appear consistent across cultures, such as men valuing physical attractiveness and women emphasizing financial resources, cultural contexts influence how these preferences are expressed and prioritized. Marriage extends beyond romantic ideals in many societies and is deeply embedded in social, economic, and religious frameworks.The Role of Culture in Mate...
239