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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Basic color categories and Mandarin Chinese color terms.

Vincent C Sun¹, Chien-Chung Chen²

¹Department of Mass Communication, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.

|November 29, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mandarin Chinese basic color terms show similarities to English but with inconsistent usage for some terms like

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Area of Science:

Linguistics
Cognitive Science
Psychology

Background:

The definition of basic color terms in Mandarin Chinese has been debated since Berlin and Kay's 1969 study.
Previous research indicates inconsistencies in identifying basic color terms within Mandarin Chinese.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate color categories, not just terms, used by native Mandarin speakers in Taiwan.
To compare Mandarin color categorization with established linguistic and psychological frameworks.

Main Methods:

Utilized Natural Color System (NCS) samples under D65 illumination on a touch-screen interface.
Participants selected color samples matching 32 high-frequency, single-character Mandarin color terms.
Employed Principle Component Analysis (PCA) to analyze data consistency.

Main Results:

Some Mandarin terms directly correlate with basic English color terms, aligning with prior studies.
Terms like 'Mo' (ink), 'Tie' (iron), and 'Cai' (vegetable) exhibited inconsistent application and wide color distribution.
Principle Component Analysis revealed data commodity among subjects.

Conclusions:

Mandarin Chinese basic color categories are broadly similar to those in the World Color Survey (WCS).
However, these categories are expressed through variable and inconsistent color terms among speakers.