Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

37.1K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
37.1K
Acid-Base Titration Curves02:23

Acid-Base Titration Curves

141.2K
A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
For a titration carried out for 25.00 mL of...
141.2K
Doppler Effect - I00:56

Doppler Effect - I

6.5K
The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Consider an observer standing on a street corner, observing an ambulance with a siren sound passing by at a constant speed. The observer experiences two characteristic changes in the sound of the siren. Initially, the sound increases in loudness as the ambulance approaches and decreases in...
6.5K
Doppler Effect - II01:05

Doppler Effect - II

4.8K
The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
4.8K
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

33.2K
Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
33.2K
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.2K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
25.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-Term Sedation Effect of Cipepofol Compared to Dexmedetomidine in Patients Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Controlled Study.

Advances in therapy·2026
Same author

Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates overtraining-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver by stimulating mitophagy via Nrf2 pathway.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

Co-morbid biomarkers for sarcopenic obesity associated with gut microbiota metabolites: From burden to treatment.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

Vitamin E and melatonin synergistically attenuate sleep deprivation-induced Nrf2 dysregulation and hippocampal ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease mouse models.

Experimental neurology·2026
Same author

Early diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography after ischemic stroke: a retrospective cohort study.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same author

Exercise, nutrition, physical agent therapy in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BMC geriatrics·2026
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

14.4K

A Fast ML-Based Single-Step Localization Method Using EM Algorithm Based on Time Delay and Doppler Shift for a

Tianzhu Qin1, Lin Li2, Bin Ba3

  • 1National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China. skypillar@outlook.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new direct position determination (DPD) algorithm using the expectation maximization (EM) method for accurate source localization. The novel approach balances high accuracy with reduced computational complexity for time delay and Doppler shift scenarios.

Keywords:
Cramér–Rao bound (CRB)Doppler shiftLaplace approximationdirect position determination (DPD)expectation maximization (EM)maximum likelihood (ML)

More Related Videos

Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images
14:08

Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images

Published on: April 13, 2013

43.5K
Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion
09:06

Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion

Published on: May 29, 2021

4.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

14.4K
Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images
14:08

Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images

Published on: April 13, 2013

43.5K
Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion
09:06

Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion

Published on: May 29, 2021

4.4K

Area of Science:

  • Signal Processing
  • Estimation Theory
  • Wireless Communications

Background:

  • Conventional localization methods use a two-step process, which can be computationally intensive.
  • Direct Position Determination (DPD) methods offer a single-step solution but often suffer from non-convex cost functions, requiring extensive computation.
  • Existing DPD methods, like Weiss's eigenvalue decomposition, may not meet timeliness requirements under limited computational resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computationally efficient Direct Position Determination (DPD) estimator for far-field source localization.
  • To address the non-convexity and high computational cost associated with traditional DPD methods.
  • To improve the timeliness of DPD estimators in resource-constrained environments.

Main Methods:

  • A novel DPD estimator is developed utilizing the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, incorporating time delay and Doppler shift.
  • The transmitter-receiver range vector is treated as a hidden variable to simplify the cost function.
  • Laplace approximation is employed to derive expressions for EM iterations, transforming the problem into manageable one-dimensional searches.
  • The Cramér-Rao bound is derived to establish a benchmark for optimal localization performance.

Main Results:

  • The proposed EM-based DPD algorithm effectively simplifies a high-dimensional nonlinear search into several one-dimensional subproblems.
  • Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm achieves high localization accuracy.
  • The method presents a favorable trade-off between localization accuracy and computational complexity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed EM-based DPD algorithm offers a practical solution for source localization problems involving time delay and Doppler shift.
  • The approach successfully mitigates the computational burden of DPD methods while maintaining high accuracy.
  • This method provides a valuable alternative for applications with limited computational resources requiring timely localization.