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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
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The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
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Thermodynamic phases in two-dimensional active matter.

Juliane U Klamser1,2, Sebastian C Kapfer2,3, Werner Krauth4,5,6

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Département de physique de l'ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.

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|November 30, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active matter systems maintain equilibrium phases even at high activity. Motility-induced phase separation in these systems is independent of melting, revealing distinct behaviors in two-dimensional active matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Active matter exhibits complex behaviors like collective motion and phase separation.
  • Understanding the relationship between active matter states and equilibrium phases is challenging.
  • Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) equilibrium phase transitions (liquid, hexatic, solid) are crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the connection between equilibrium phases and active matter states in 2D systems.
  • To explore how activity influences the phase behavior of self-propelled particles.
  • To determine if motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) interferes with equilibrium melting processes.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated 2D self-propelled point particles with inverse-power-law repulsions.
  • Employed a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm.
  • Focused on systems without alignment interactions to isolate effects of activity and repulsion.

Main Results:

  • Preservation of all equilibrium liquid, hexatic, and solid phases up to very high activity levels.
  • Identification of a critical point within the liquid phase at high activity, leading to a distinct gas-liquid MIPS region.
  • Demonstration that two-step melting and MIPS occur as independent phenomena in this model.

Conclusions:

  • 2D active systems with repulsive interactions can maintain distinct equilibrium phases.
  • MIPS and equilibrium melting are decoupled processes in this model.
  • The findings offer insights into the general behavior of diverse 2D active matter systems.