Markov-chain sampling for long-range systems without evaluating the energy

In past decades, enormous effort has been expended to develop algorithms and even to construct special-purpose computers in order to efficiently evaluate total energies and forces for long-range-interacting particle systems, with the particle-mesh Ewald and the fast multipole methods as well as the "Anton" series of supercomputers serving as examples for biomolecular simulations. Cutoffs in the range of the interaction have also been used for large systems. All these methods require extrapolations. Within Markov-chain Monte Carlo, in thermal equilibrium, the Boltzmann distribution can, however, be sampled natively without evaluating the total energy. Using as an example the Lennard-Jones interaction, we review past attempts in this direction and then discuss in detail the class of cell-veto algorithms that allow for the fast, native sampling of the Boltzmann distribution without any approximation, extrapolation, or cutoff even for the slowly decaying Coulomb interaction. The computing effort per move remains constant with increasing system size, as we show explicitly. We provide worked-out illustrations and pseudocode representations of the discussed algorithms. Python scripts are made available in an associated open-source software repository.