Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:

Gradient and Del Operator

Gradient and Del Operator

In mathematics and physics, the gradient and del operator are fundamental concepts used to describe the behavior of functions and fields in space. The gradient is a mathematical operator that gives both the magnitude and direction of the maximum spatial rate of change. Consider a person standing on a mountain. The slope of the mountain at any given point is not defined unless it is quantified in a particular direction. For this reason, a "directional derivative" is defined, which is a vector...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...

Separable Differential Equations

Separable Differential Equations

A separable differential equation is a type of first-order differential equation where the derivative dy/dx can be expressed as a product of two functions: one that depends only on x and another that depends only on y. This allows for the rearrangement of the equation so that all terms involving y are on one side, and all terms involving x are on the other. This process, known as the separation of variables, simplifies the process of solving the equation by enabling the integration of both...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Deterministic radial displacement: modular, reconfigurable, and reusable.

Lab on a chip·2026

Same author

Cell therapy manufacturing at full clinical scale: enhancing the quality CAR-T cell therapy starting materials through massively parallel automated microfluidic cell sorting.

Lab on a chip·2026

Same author

On-Chip Profiling of Bacterially Infected Host Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering.

ACS nano·2025

Same author

Multi-line lateral flow immunoassay for the detection and subtyping of breast cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025

Same author

A New Strategy to Modify Glass for Capture and Detection of Small Extracellular Vesicles.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2025

Same author

Wicking pumps for microfluidics.

Biomicrofluidics·2024

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster by Capture Hi-C (CHi-C).

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of Streptomyces by Hi-C.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

CUT&Tag Epigenomic Profiling of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Rhizobium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Protocol for Lotus japonicus and Other Legumes.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Characterization of Bioactive Saponins from Sea Cucumbers.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Methods for Functional Validation of Terpenoid Metabolic Clusters in Nicotiana benthamiana and Aspergillus oryzae.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Separating Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient

Separating Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient

Published on: January 7, 2019

Nanochannel Gradient Separations.

Michael A Startsev¹, David W Inglis²

¹School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|November 30, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gradient-based separations in nanochannels concentrate molecules from large volumes, overcoming injection limits. This method effectively averages complex hydrodynamics for sharper molecular separation and analysis.

Keywords:

Conductivity gradient Fabrication Nanofluidic pH gradient

More Related Videos

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

Published on: January 25, 2016

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Published on: June 1, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Separating Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient

Separating Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient

Published on: January 7, 2019

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation

Published on: January 25, 2016

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

Published on: June 1, 2021

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Biophysics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Conventional electrophoretic separations are limited by sample injection volume, restricting the analysis of low-concentration analytes.
Electrophoretic techniques often suffer from band broadening due to complex physicochemical hydrodynamics.
Enrichment of analytes is crucial for sensitive detection in various biological and chemical analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate gradient-based electrophoretic separations for simultaneous molecular separation and concentration.
To investigate the use of nanochannels for enhanced analyte enrichment from large sample volumes.
To describe the chemical and physical methods enabling stationary chemical gradients in nanochannels for biomolecule trapping.

Main Methods:

Utilized nanochannels connecting two chemically distinct reservoirs to establish a stationary chemical gradient.
Employed gradient-based electrophoresis to achieve simultaneous separation and concentration of molecules.
Investigated methods to trap biomolecules within the nanochannel and average complex hydrodynamics.

Main Results:

Achieved simultaneous separation and concentration of molecules using gradient-based electrophoresis.
Demonstrated enrichment of low-concentration analytes from sample volumes unconstrained by injection limitations.
Showcased the ability of the nanochannel system to maintain a stable chemical gradient and trap biomolecules.
Observed effective averaging of complex physicochemical hydrodynamics, leading to reduced band broadening.

Conclusions:

Gradient-based electrophoretic separations in nanochannels offer a powerful approach for analyte enrichment and separation.
This technique overcomes the limitations of conventional injection-based methods, enabling analysis of dilute samples.
The described chemical and physical methods facilitate robust gradient formation and biomolecule manipulation within nanochannels.