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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery
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Image segmentation of activated sludge phase contrast images using phase stretch transform.

Raymond Bing Quan Ang1, Humaira Nisar1, Muhammad Burhan Khan2

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel image processing algorithm to accurately segment filamentous bacteria in activated sludge, crucial for wastewater treatment plant efficiency. The method improves monitoring by overcoming limitations of traditional techniques.

Keywords:
activated sludgefilamentous bacteriaimage segmentationphase contrast imagephase stretch transformwastewater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Biotechnology
  • Image Processing

Background:

  • Activated sludge (AS) is vital for wastewater treatment, with filamentous bacteria influencing sludge settling.
  • Filamentous bulking hinders sludge settling, impacting wastewater plant functionality.
  • Conventional monitoring relies on physico-chemical methods; image analysis offers an alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an image segmentation algorithm for quantifying filaments in AS.
  • To improve the monitoring of activated sludge processes using phase contrast microscopy.
  • To reduce artefacts like halo and shade-off in phase contrast images.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a novel algorithm for filament segmentation in phase contrast images using phase stretch transform.
  • Optimized segmentation by testing different strength (S) and warp (W) values.
  • Assessed performance using DICE coefficient, accuracy, false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), and Rand index (RI) on 61 manually prepared ground truth images.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm achieved an average DICE coefficient of 52.25% and 99.74% accuracy.
  • Demonstrated low false negative rate (41.8%) and false positive rate (0.14%), with a 99.49% Rand index.
  • Effective in reducing halo and shade-off artefacts in phase contrast microscopy images.

Conclusions:

  • The phase stretch transform-based algorithm provides effective segmentation of filaments in activated sludge.
  • This image processing approach offers a promising alternative for monitoring wastewater treatment processes.
  • Improved segmentation aids in understanding and managing filamentous bulking for better plant performance.