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Oral Cavity01:11

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The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
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Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
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Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Micronuclei as a Predictor for Oral Carcinogenesis.

Kamini Kiran1, Padmanidhi Agarwal2, Shailesh Kumar2

  • 1Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.

Journal of Cytology
|December 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Oral mucosal micronuclei (MN) frequency can detect oral cancer early. This biomarker helps identify genomic damage in high-risk populations, improving survival rates.

Keywords:
BiomarkersDNA damagecarcinogenesismicronucleimouth neoplasmsprecancerous conditionssquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarkers
  • Oral Oncology
  • Genomic Instability

Background:

  • Oral cancer poses a significant global health challenge.
  • Early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • Micronuclei (MN) in oral exfoliated cells are indicators of genomic instability and have been explored as biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively evaluate oral mucosal micronuclei (MN) frequency.
  • To assess MN frequency as a biomarker for oral cancer susceptibility.
  • To analyze MN frequency across different stages of oral carcinogenesis, including epithelial dysplasia (ED) and OSCC.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 60 patients: 30 with biopsy-proven ED or OSCC and 30 healthy controls.
  • Collection of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from buccal mucosa using a wooden spatula.
  • Microscopic examination of stained cells to identify and score micronuclei according to established criteria.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in MN counts were observed between controls, ED, and OSCC groups (P = 0.000).
  • Higher MN frequencies were found in patients with OSCC (mean 11.93) and ED (mean 4.0) compared to controls (mean 1.46).
  • Statistically significant differences in MN counts were noted between mild and moderate ED, and between moderately and well-differentiated OSCC.

Conclusions:

  • Micronuclei (MN) assays are valuable for the early detection of premalignant and malignant oral lesions.
  • The MN index serves as a feasible and economical method for screening high-risk populations for oral cancer.
  • Timely identification of genomic damage through MN assays can aid in preventing oral cancer progression and improving survival rates.