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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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Current strategies for Site-Directed RNA Editing using ADARs.

Maria Fernanda Montiel-Gonzalez1, Juan Felipe Diaz Quiroz1, Joshua J C Rosenthal1

  • 1The Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Site-Directed RNA Editing (SDRE) offers a novel approach to correct genetic mutations by repurposing Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs). Current strategies focus on redirecting ADARs using antisense oligonucleotides for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
ADARAntisense oligoGuide RNAOff-target eventsRNA editing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) modify RNA by converting adenosine (A) to inosine (I).
  • A-to-I RNA editing in coding regions can lead to A-to-G changes during translation, altering protein sequences.
  • This recoding potential makes ADARs a promising tool for therapeutic mRNA mutation correction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare emerging strategies for Site-Directed RNA Editing (SDRE).
  • To highlight the advantages of SDRE over other genome editing techniques.
  • To discuss the challenges and future potential of ADAR-based RNA editing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ADAR-based RNA editing strategies.
  • Discussion of two primary approaches: redirecting endogenous ADARs and using engineered ADARs with antisense guides.
  • Comparison of SDRE with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Main Results:

  • Two main strategies for SDRE have emerged, both utilizing antisense RNA oligonucleotides.
  • One strategy redirects endogenous ADARs, while the other uses engineered ADARs guided to specific sites.
  • SDRE presents distinct advantages compared to CRISPR-Cas9 for certain applications.

Conclusions:

  • SDRE holds significant promise as a transient genome editing tool.
  • Ongoing development aims to improve the precision and efficiency of ADAR redirection.
  • ADAR-based strategies offer a powerful platform for therapeutic genetic correction.