Removal of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from Aqueous Solution using SnO₂ Nanomaterial effect of: pH, Time, Temperature, interfering...

Tin oxide, SnO₂, nanomaterial was synthesized and tested for the removal of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. Various parameters for the binding were investigated in batch studied, which included pH, time, temperature, and interferences. In addition, isotherm studied were performed to determine the maximum binding capacity for both Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions. The optimal binding pH determined from the effects of pH were to be at pH 5 for both the Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions. The isotherm studies were performed at temperatures of 4°C, 25 °C, and 45 °C for both the Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions and were found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model. The binding capacities for the Cu²⁺ ions were 2.63 mg/g, 2.95 mg/g and 3.27 mg/g at the aforementioned temperatures, respectively. Whereas the binding capacities for Ni²⁺ were 0.79 mg/g, 1.07 mg/g, and 1.46 mg/g at the respective temperatures. The determined thermodynamic parameters for the binding showed that the binding processes for the reactions were endothermic, as the ΔG was observed to decrease with decreasing temperatures. As well the ΔH was 28.73 kJ/mol for Cu²⁺ (III) and 13.37 kJ/mol for Ni²⁺. The ΔS was observed to be 92.65 J/mol for Cu²⁺ and 54.53 J/mol for Ni²⁺. The free energy of adsorption for the Cu²⁺ was determined to be 13.99 kJ/mol and the activation energy for the binding of Ni²⁺ was determined to be 8.09 KJ/mol. The activation energy data indicate that the reaction was occurring through chemisorption.