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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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The self is a central aspect of human identity, encompassing an individual’s beliefs, emotions, perceptions, and experiences. It is a cognitive and psychological construct that enables individuals to interpret their traits and behaviors, influencing how they perceive themselves and interact with the world. While personality consists of stable and enduring characteristics, the self is shaped by self-perception and social experiences. This distinction highlights the dynamic nature of the...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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The self-concept encompasses individuals' beliefs about themselves, structured through cognitive frameworks known as self-schemas. These schemas function as mental representations of specific traits or behaviors, influencing how self-relevant information is perceived, processed, and remembered. For example, individuals who are schematic for body weight are more likely to interpret routine experiences—such as dining out or shopping—through the lens of that trait. Conversely, those...
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Related Experiment Video

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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Understanding spoken language through TalkBank.

Brian MacWhinney1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. macw@cmu.edu.

Behavior Research Methods
|December 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The TalkBank system offers valuable spoken-language conversation data, crucial for understanding human communication across various conditions like aphasia and autism spectrum disorder.

Keywords:
AphasiaBilingualismChild languageComputational linguisticsConversation analysisCorporaPhonologySecond language acquisition

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Computer Science
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Advances in computing provide extensive written language data.
  • Naturally occurring spoken language data is difficult to acquire.
  • The TalkBank system is a significant exception, offering diverse multimedia spoken language datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the resources available in the TalkBank system.
  • To describe the applications of TalkBank data in understanding human language and communication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of online multimedia data from the TalkBank system.
  • Categorization of 14 distinct types of spoken-language data.
  • Analysis of current research utilizing these resources.

Main Results:

  • TalkBank hosts 14 types of spoken-language data, including aphasia, child language, autism spectrum disorder, and dementia.
  • These datasets are instrumental in advancing research in human language and communication.

Conclusions:

  • The TalkBank system is a vital resource for researchers studying spoken language.
  • Continued use of TalkBank data will enhance our understanding of diverse communication patterns and disorders.