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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...

Mechanism of Conjugation

Mechanism of Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...

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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Stretchable Conjugated Polymers: A Case Study in Topic Selection for New Research Groups.

Andrew T Kleinschmidt¹, Darren J Lipomi¹

¹Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|December 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied semiconducting polymers, finding polythiophene-based materials that balance high power conversion efficiency with significant strain accommodation. This work advances flexible electronics by understanding mechanical properties.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Organic Electronics

Background:

π-conjugated polymers offer promise for flexible and stretchable electronic devices in energy and healthcare.
Mechanical properties of these polymers were less understood than their optoelectronic counterparts.
Robust materials are crucial for device longevity, high-throughput processing, and biocompatible wearables.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular and microstructural determinants of mechanical properties in conjugated polymers.
To explore the relationship between chemical structure, mechanical robustness, and optoelectronic performance.
To provide insights for new researchers on establishing a laboratory and conducting scientific studies.

Main Methods:

Proof-of-concept experiments correlating chemical structure with mechanical properties.
Advanced metrology for stress-strain curves, failure analysis, and glass transition temperature determination.
Incorporation of organic synthesis and molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

Identified polythiophene-based semiconducting polymers with high power conversion efficiency and strain accommodation.
Determined that side chain composition and amorphous packing structure significantly influence mechanical properties.
Demonstrated that high optoelectronic performance and mechanical robustness are not mutually exclusive.

Conclusions:

Established key structure-property relationships for mechanical robustness in conjugated polymers.
Developed a framework for understanding and improving the mechanical performance of semiconducting polymers.
Laid groundwork for future development of stretchable materials with retained electronic properties.