Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

75.7K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
75.7K
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

10.9K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
10.9K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

14.8K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
14.8K
Orthogonal Trajectories01:26

Orthogonal Trajectories

61
Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...
61
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

32.9K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
32.9K
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

48.1K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
48.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural basis of kinesin-1 autoinhibition and its control of microtubule-based motility.

Science advances·2026
Same author

CRISPR-based environmental detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei identifies sanitation gaps and melioidosis risk in northeast Thailand.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Limited Proteolysis Mass Spectrometry to Identify Protein Structural Differences in Brain Tissue.

Bio-protocol·2026
Same author

Dormancy regulon reduction was pivotal to the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Reconstructing ancient protein alphabets: what can we truly infer?

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same author

Phase separation of PGL-3 driven by structured domains that oligomerize and interact with RGG motifs.

EMBO reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

3.0K

Controlling orthogonal ribosome subunit interactions enables evolution of new function.

Wolfgang H Schmied1, Zakir Tnimov1, Chayasith Uttamapinant1,2

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

Nature
|December 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Engineered

More Related Videos

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

20.3K
Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology
08:43

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Published on: November 18, 2020

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

3.0K
Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

20.3K
Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology
08:43

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Published on: November 18, 2020

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Orthogonal ribosomes are engineered ribosomes for specific mRNA translation.
  • Existing orthogonal ribosomes share subunits with endogenous ribosomes, limiting functional evolution.
  • Controlling large subunit association is key to evolving new ribosomal functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer novel orthogonal ribosomes with controlled subunit association.
  • To enable the evolution of large subunit function in orthogonal ribosomes.
  • To create cellular systems relying solely on engineered ribosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and constructed 'stapled' orthogonal ribosomes by linking 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs.
  • Evolved cells with genomically encoded stapled ribosomes as the sole translational machinery.
  • Determined the structure of engineered ribosomes using cryo-electron microscopy.
  • Demonstrated functional evolution by creating ribosomes that polymerize novel monomer sequences.

Main Results:

  • Engineered stapled ribosomes exhibit high activity comparable to parent orthogonal ribosomes.
  • Stapled ribosomes minimize association with endogenous ribosomal subunits.
  • Cells with stapled ribosomes as the sole ribosomes support growth.
  • Cryo-EM visualization revealed the structural basis of staple-mediated subunit association.
  • Evolved stapled ribosomes efficiently translate sequences untranslatable by natural ribosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered stapled ribosomes offer precise control over subunit association and function.
  • This system enables the evolution of the entire orthogonal ribosome for novel biological synthesis.
  • Provides a foundation for creating non-canonical biological polymers within cells.