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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method
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Nanocone-based plasmonic metamaterials.

R Margoth Córdova-Castro1, Alexey V Krasavin1, Mazhar E Nasir1

  • 1Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.

Nanotechnology
|December 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers fabricated novel metamaterials using plasmonic nanocones, achieving high electromagnetic field enhancement. These scalable, centimeter-scale metamaterials offer tunable optical properties for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasmonics and Nanophotonics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Metamaterials and metasurfaces enable precise control over light-matter interactions.
  • Plasmonic nanorod-based hyperbolic metamaterials offer tunable optical properties for nonlinear optics, sensing, and emission control.
  • The influence of meta-atom shape on metamaterial properties remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the optical properties of metamaterials fabricated from plasmonic nanocones.
  • To explore the role of nanocone shape and inter-particle coupling in engineering field enhancement and optical characteristics.
  • To demonstrate a scalable fabrication method for nanocone-based metamaterials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of metamaterials using arrays of closely packed plasmonic nanocones with subwavelength spacing.
  • Optical characterization of the fabricated metamaterials.
  • Analysis of plasmonic mode structure and inter-cone coupling effects.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated scalable, centimeter-scale manufacturing of nanocone-based metamaterials.
  • Achieved ultra-sharp cone apex (∼2 nm) leading to high electromagnetic field enhancement.
  • Observed an extremely high density of electromagnetic hot-spots (∼10^10 cm^-2) due to nanocone coupling.
  • Showcased multiple degrees of freedom for engineering field enhancement and optical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmonic nanocone metamaterials offer significant advantages over nanorod-based structures due to shape-dependent properties and strong coupling.
  • The developed fabrication method enables mass production of high-performance metamaterials.
  • These nanocone metamaterials are promising for gradient-index applications, fluorescence enhancement, SERS, hot-carrier plasmonics, and photocatalysis.