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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

1.9K
Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Deflection of a Beam01:19

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Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

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In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
The design begins with analyzing the beam as a free body to identify moments and force balances, thereby determining support reactions. Next, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
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A valley valve and electron beam splitter.

Jing Li1, Rui-Xing Zhang1, Zhenxi Yin1

  • 1Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

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|December 8, 2018
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Summary

Researchers demonstrate a new electronic device using bilayer graphene. This device controls electron flow using valley-specific phenomena, enabling applications like tunable beam splitters for quantum networks.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Electronics

Background:

  • Advancing electronics beyond silicon necessitates novel physical mechanisms.
  • Hexagonal two-dimensional materials offer unique valley-specific phenomena for new electronic paradigms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To realize and control ballistic valley Hall kink states in bilayer graphene.
  • To demonstrate a functional four-kink router device for electronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a bilayer graphene device.
  • Utilizing gate-controlled voltage for current transmission.
  • Exploiting valley-momentum locking of kink states.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated ballistic valley Hall kink states.
  • Achieved gate-controlled current transmission in a four-kink router.
  • Showcased waveguide, valve, and tunable electron beam splitter operations.
  • The valley valve achieved an on/off ratio of 8 without a magnetic field.

Conclusions:

  • Bilayer graphene kink states enable novel electronic functionalities.
  • The demonstrated device operates as a tunable coherent beam splitter with magnetic field.
  • These findings provide a pathway for scalable quantum transportation networks.