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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation
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Assessing seizure liability using multi-electrode arrays (MEA).

Jingsong Fan1, George Thalody1, Jae Kwagh1

  • 1Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ, United States.

Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study developed multi-electrode array (MEA) assays using rat hippocampal neurons and slices to predict seizure liability. These novel assays show promise for early-stage preclinical drug development, identifying potential seizurogenic compounds effectively.

Keywords:
Brain slicesDrug safetyExtracellular recordingHippocampus, MEANeuronSeizure liability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Predicting seizure liability is crucial in early preclinical drug development.
  • Existing methods may lack sensitivity or require extensive testing.
  • Novel in vitro assays are needed to improve early-stage safety assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate ex vivo tissue-based and in vitro cell-based assays for predicting seizure liability.
  • To utilize multi-electrode array (MEA) technology for early preclinical safety screening.
  • To assess the utility of rat hippocampal neurons and slices in these predictive assays.

Main Methods:

  • Employed multi-electrode array (MEA) technology to record neural activity.
  • Used embryonic rat hippocampal neurons for cell-based assays.
  • Utilized adult rat hippocampal slices for tissue-based assays.
  • Tested known seizurogenic compounds to validate assay performance.

Main Results:

  • Six seizurogenic compounds (bicuculline, pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, gabazine, 4-Aminopyridine, BMS-A) reliably increased neural activity in both assays.
  • Physostigmine demonstrated concentration-dependent effects, with higher potency in the neuron assay.
  • Compounds BMS-B and BMS-C showed effects in neuron assays but not in slice assays, highlighting differential sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-electrode array (MEA) technology combined with rat hippocampal neurons or slices serves as a valuable tool for early prediction of seizure liability.
  • These developed assays offer a promising approach for efficient preclinical safety evaluation.
  • The findings support the use of these in vitro models in identifying potential seizurogenic drug candidates early in development.