Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026
04:34
Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia
Published on: February 17, 2023
1.6K
The association between poor reading and internalising problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Deanna A Francis1, Nathan Caruana1, Jennifer L Hudson2
1ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
Clinical Psychology Review
|December 12, 2018
Summary
Children and adults with poor reading skills face a moderate risk of internalizing problems like anxiety and depression. This risk is primarily driven by a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety compared to depression.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Neuroscience
- Education
Background:
- Learning disabilities are linked to internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression.
- The specific association between poor reading and internalizing problems requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between poor reading and internalizing problems.
- To examine this association across children, adolescents, and adults.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search identifying 34 relevant studies.
- Meta-analysis of data from 16,275 participants, including 2,491 with poor reading skills.
Main Results:
- Poor readers showed statistically significant higher levels of general internalizing problems (d=0.41) compared to typical readers.
- Significant differences were found for anxiety (d=0.41) and depression (d=0.23), with anxiety being a stronger correlate.
- Individuals with poor reading skills are at a moderate risk for internalizing problems.
Conclusions:
- Poor reading is associated with a moderate risk of internalizing problems, particularly anxiety.
- Interventions addressing anxiety in individuals with poor reading may be beneficial.
Related Concept Videos
01:10Review and Preview
8.4K
In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
8.4K
01:13Review and Preview
11.3K
Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
11.3K
02:46Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments
51.8K
Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
51.8K
01:20Random and Systematic Errors
14.9K
Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
14.9K
01:09Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups
6.0K
Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
6.0K
01:17Systematic Sampling Method
13.3K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
13.3K