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Masonry Paving01:21

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The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis
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[Crazy Paving Pattern of the Lung].

C Fisser1,2, O W Hamer3,4, R Eiber5

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinik Regensburg, Regensburg.

Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)
|December 12, 2018
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Summary

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease caused by surfactant buildup. Whole-lung lavage effectively improved symptoms and lung function in a patient with this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Rare Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease characterized by impaired surfactant clearance.
  • Autoimmune PAP accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, with other causes including toxins, infections, and hematological disorders.
  • It predominantly affects men aged 30-60, presenting with cough, dyspnea, and altered ventilatory function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic features and treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnostic evaluation included clinical presentation, CT scan findings (crazy paving pattern), and serological testing for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
  • Treatment involved whole-lung lavage.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with typical symptoms of PAP.
  • CT scan revealed a characteristic crazy paving pattern.
  • Serological testing indicated autoimmune etiology.
  • Whole-lung lavage treatment led to significant clinical and functional improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune PAP is the most common form in adults.
  • Whole-lung lavage is an effective treatment for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention can improve patient outcomes.