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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Microorganisms play a crucial role in agriculture and the food industry, contributing to soil fertility, crop protection, and food production. Their functions range from nitrogen fixation and biopesticide production to fermentation and food preservation, making them indispensable to sustainable farming and food safety.Role in AgricultureNitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium (symbiotic) and Azotobacter (free-living), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen...
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Additives in pet food: are they safe?

The Journal of small animal practice·2021
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Food intolerance in dogs and cats.

J M Craig1

  • 1Re-Fur-All Referrals, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.

The Journal of Small Animal Practice
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Food intolerance involves abnormal physiological responses to food, not immune-related. Understanding these mechanisms helps in recognizing, preventing, and managing adverse food reactions in pets.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Food intolerance is a non-immunological physiological response to food or additives.
  • Mechanisms include toxicity, pharmacological effects, metabolic issues, dysmotility, dysbiosis, and sensitivity.
  • Reactions are variable, dose-dependent, and can manifest hours or days after ingestion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of non-immunological food intolerance.
  • To differentiate food intolerance from true hypersensitivity.
  • To improve the recognition, prevention, and management of adverse food reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathophysiological mechanisms of adverse food reactions.
  • Analysis of clinical signs and onset of food intolerance.

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  • Comparison of dietary indiscretion and non-immunological intolerance with hypersensitivity.

    • Main Results:

    • Non-immunological food intolerance encompasses diverse mechanisms beyond immune responses.
    • Dietary indiscretion and non-immunological intolerance are more prevalent in dogs than hypersensitivity.
    • Adverse food reactions can be delayed and prolonged.

    Conclusions:

    • Greater knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for managing adverse food reactions.
    • Accurate diagnosis and understanding of food intolerance are essential for veterinary care.
    • Further research into specific mechanisms will enhance treatment strategies for food intolerance.