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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
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Integration by parts is a fundamental technique in calculus for evaluating integrals involving the product of two functions. It is particularly useful when direct integration is not feasible. The method is based on the product rule for differentiation, which states that the derivative of a product equals the derivative of the first function times the second, plus the first function times the derivative of the second. By integrating this identity and rearranging terms, the integration by parts...
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Integration by Parts: Definite Integrals01:23

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Definite integrals involving the product of two functions over a fixed interval can be evaluated using integration by parts. This method rewrites the integral as the difference of a product evaluated at the endpoints and a remaining definite integral that is often simpler to compute.A representative example is the definite integral of the inverse tangent function. Since there is no direct integration formula for arctan ⁡x, the integrand is rewritten as a product of arctan⁡ x and the...
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Biobank for Translational Medicine: Standard Operating Procedures for Optimal Sample Management
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Autopsy Biobanking: Biospecimen Procurement, Integrity, Storage, and Utilization.

Randy S Tashjian1, Ryan R Williams1, Harry V Vinters1,2,3

  • 1Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Autopsies document causes of death and collect biospecimens for biobanking. Understanding factors affecting tissue integrity is crucial for accurate molecular diagnostics and future research.

Keywords:
Agonal stateAutopsyBiobankBiospecimenIntegrityPostmortem intervalTemperaturepH

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Pathology
  • Biobanking
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Autopsies are surgical examinations to determine cause of death.
  • Autopsies provide valuable biospecimens for biobanking and research.
  • Molecular diagnostics increasingly rely on high-quality biospecimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline procedures for procuring, storing, and utilizing autopsy biospecimens.
  • To discuss factors influencing autopsy biospecimen integrity.
  • To ensure the utility of autopsy biospecimens for molecular diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • External and internal examination of deceased individuals.
  • Procurement, storage, and utilization protocols for biospecimens.
  • Analysis of factors affecting biospecimen integrity.

Main Results:

  • Established procedures for autopsy biospecimen handling.
  • Identified critical factors impacting biospecimen integrity (postmortem interval, agonal state, temperature, pH).
  • Highlighted the importance of these factors for molecular diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Autopsies are vital for determining cause of death and obtaining biospecimens.
  • Maintaining biospecimen integrity is essential for reliable molecular diagnostics.
  • Proper procurement and storage protocols enhance the value of autopsy biospecimens for research.