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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy
Published on: May 3, 2013
[Advances in the mechanism of vitamin D affecting autophagy]
Lei Liu1, Jinghui Li, Chao Deng
1Department of Intensive Care Unit, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China. Corresponding author: Li Jinghui,
Objective:
Autophagy is a degradative process of eukaryotic cell, which plays a vital role in human health. Autophagy imbalance is associated with many diseases. It has been reported that vitamin D can regulate the autophagy in different levels, including induction, nucleation, as well as elongation to maturation and degradation, which affects the occurrence and development of the disease. However, its action mechanism has not been systematically elaborated, and a deeper understanding of the mechanism of vitamin D-regulated autophagy is helpful to guide the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. The review described the mechanism of vitamin D affecting autophagy to provide theoretical basis for guiding basic and clinical research.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods

