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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Recombinant DNA01:09

Recombinant DNA

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Overview
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis
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DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

Published on: October 21, 2011

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DNA Methylation Analysis.

Lingfang Feng1, Jianlin Lou2

  • 1Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation, an epigenetic process, regulates gene activity and is crucial for understanding diseases like cancer. New methods now detect cytosine derivatives, expanding our knowledge of DNA epigenomes.

Keywords:
Bisulfite sequencing (BS)DNA methylationInfinium Methylation450 BeadChips (450K)Methyl-binding domain capture sequencing (MBDCap-Seq)Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-Seq)Methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme followed by sequencing (MRE-Seq)Methylation-specific PCR (MSP)/quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP)PyrosequencingReduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS)Single molecule real-time bisulfite sequencing (SMRT-BS)Targeted bisulfite sequencing (TBS)Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS)

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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation

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Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Genomics and Bioinformatics

Background:

  • DNA methylation, the addition of methyl groups to DNA, is a key epigenetic modification regulating gene activity.
  • It influences critical biological processes including cell differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and chromatin remodeling.
  • Understanding DNA methylation is vital for studying normal biology and diseases such as cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methodologies for detecting DNA methylation and its oxidation derivatives.
  • To highlight the importance of profiling the methylome for biological and disease insights.
  • To cover recent discoveries in cytosine methylation derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analyses using microarrays and next-generation sequencing.
  • Quantitative approaches for mapping DNA epigenomes at single-base resolution.
  • Bisulfite-based methods, including classical bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing.

Main Results:

  • Established methods enable base-resolution mapping of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and its oxidation derivatives.
  • These techniques allow for comprehensive assessment of the methylome.
  • Recent discoveries include 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC).

Conclusions:

  • Accurate detection of DNA methylation and its derivatives is essential for understanding epigenomic regulation.
  • Methodologies discussed provide tools for base-resolution mapping of the methylome.
  • This knowledge is critical for advancing research in developmental biology and disease pathology.