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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Isomerism02:43

Isomerism

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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Interpenetration Isomerism in Triptycene-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks.

Penghao Li1, Peng Li1, Matthew R Ryder2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrate interpenetration isomerism in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks. Controlling crystallization conditions for triptycene H6 PET yields distinct structures with tunable porosity for advanced materials design.

Keywords:
crystal engineeringhydrogen-bonded organic frameworksinterpenetration isomerismporous molecular solidssupramolecular chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are crystalline materials with tunable structures.
  • Interpenetration, where multiple independent frameworks grow within the same crystal, is a common phenomenon in HOFs.
  • Controlling the degree of interpenetration is challenging but crucial for tailoring material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and characterize "interpenetration isomerism" in three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks.
  • To explore the influence of crystallization conditions on the assembly of HOFs.
  • To investigate the porosity and structural characteristics of different interpenetrated HOFs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a peripherally extended triptycene molecule (H6 PET) as a building block.
  • Modulating crystallization conditions to control the degree of framework interpenetration.
  • Characterizing the resulting structures (PETHOF-1 and PETHOF-2) using crystallographic methods.
  • Assessing porosity using gas adsorption techniques (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized two interpenetration isomers: PETHOF-1 (two-fold interpenetration) and PETHOF-2 (five-fold interpenetration).
  • PETHOF-1 features two nets related by inversion symmetry, exhibiting ~80% guest-accessible volume.
  • PETHOF-2 consists of five nets related by translational symmetry, stacked alternately.
  • Activated materials display permanent porosity with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas > 1100 m²/g.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated synthetic control over framework interpenetration in HOFs, leading to distinct isomers.
  • The degree of interpenetration significantly influences the topology and porosity of the resulting materials.
  • This work presents a new strategy for constructing complex supramolecular architectures from simple organic building blocks by controlling interpenetration.