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Related Concept Videos

Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

413
Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
413
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

373
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

480
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
Composite bodies have widespread applications in mechanical engineering, from automobiles to aircraft to rockets. For example, an automobile wheel comprises...
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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
Formed elements constitute the remaining 45% of the blood volume. These...
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Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Low Shrinkage Silorane Composites.

Thomas D Larson

    Northwest Dentistry
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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New dental composites using novel chemistry significantly reduce polymerization shrinkage to below 1%, addressing clinical issues seen with traditional methacrylate resins like bisphenol-A glycidal methacrylate.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Materials Science
    • Polymer Chemistry

    Background:

    • Traditional methacrylate-based dental composites (e.g., bisphenol-A glycidal methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate) exhibit significant polymerization shrinkage (3-3.5% by volume).
    • Despite modifications in filler characteristics and silanization, this shrinkage causes persistent clinical problems in restorative dentistry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the clinical implications of polymerization contraction in composite resins.
    • To describe the properties of a novel composite with substantially reduced polymerization shrinkage.
    • To explore potential clinical applications of this new material.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on polymerization shrinkage in dental composites.
    • Characterization of a new composite material based on a different chemical approach.
    • Analysis of the clinical effects and potential applications.

    Main Results:

    • The novel composite demonstrates polymerization shrinkage of less than 1% by volume.
    • This reduction is attributed to a fundamentally different chemistry compared to methacrylate systems.
    • The clinical benefits of reduced shrinkage are anticipated.

    Conclusions:

    • A new class of dental composite offers a significant reduction in polymerization shrinkage.
    • This advancement holds promise for mitigating clinical issues associated with composite restorations.
    • Further clinical evaluation is warranted to confirm the benefits of this novel chemistry.