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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
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PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Vitamin E - The Next 100 Years.

Fatemeh Khadangi1, Angelo Azzi2

  • 1Université de Laval, Québec City, Canada.

IUBMB Life
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha-tocopherol, the only form of vitamin E for humans, prevents Ataxia with Isolated Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED). It also boosts immunity and combats liver issues, though broader health benefits require further study.

Keywords:
gene expressionnonantioxidant functionssignal transductiontocopherolsvitamin E

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Human Nutrition
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Alpha-tocopherol is the sole tocopherol preventing human Ataxia with Isolated Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED).
  • Vitamin E exhibits immune-boosting properties and therapeutic potential for nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis and low-grade inflammation.
  • Previous epidemiological findings on vitamin E's protective effects against cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, macular degeneration, and cancer were not consistently validated in clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established and potential roles of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in human health.
  • To highlight the need for further research into vitamin E's molecular mechanisms, particularly its role in gene regulation and phosphorylated forms.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of AVED and the enzymes involved in vitamin E metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on vitamin E's biological functions.
  • Analysis of clinical intervention studies and epidemiological data.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Alpha-tocopherol is essential for preventing AVED and demonstrates immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Vitamin E's role in preventing major chronic diseases like cardiovascular events, neurodegeneration, and cancer requires further investigation.
  • Vitamin E and its metabolites influence cell signaling and gene transcription, with potential roles for vitamin E kinase and phosphatase in cellular regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Alpha-tocopherol is uniquely vital for preventing AVED in humans.
  • Further research is crucial to elucidate vitamin E's complex molecular actions, especially concerning gene regulation and its phosphorylated forms.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis of AVED and the enzymes regulating vitamin E metabolism is a key future objective.