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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Stochastic Modeling and Simulation of Viral Evolution.

Luiza Guimarães Fabreti1, Diogo Castro1, Bruno Gorzoni1

  • 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
|December 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models RNA virus quasispecies dynamics, revealing four population regimes and demonstrating that lethal mutagenesis and mutational meltdown are unified principles driving viral extinction.

Keywords:
Branching processLethal mutagenesisMutational meltdownQuasispecies theoryStochastic simulationViral evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA viruses exhibit extreme genetic diversity, forming quasispecies populations.
  • Understanding viral diversity is crucial for viral persistence and disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mechanisms generating and maintaining RNA virus diversity.
  • To analyze viral persistence and extinction using quasispecies theory and mathematical modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model based on multitype branching processes.
  • Performed computational simulations using a real-time graphical platform.
  • Analyzed theoretical aspects of the model and simulated various fitness landscapes.

Main Results:

  • Identified four distinct regimes in RNA virus population establishment.
  • Simulated environmental impacts on viral success, including favorable and hostile conditions.
  • Demonstrated a correspondence between lethal mutagenesis and mutational meltdown, suggesting a unifying extinction principle.

Conclusions:

  • RNA virus population dynamics are complex, with predictable establishment regimes.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence viral population success or failure.
  • Lethal mutagenesis and mutational meltdown represent a unified mechanism for RNA virus extinction.