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Related Concept Videos

Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Electron Behavior00:54

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires
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Recent Advances in Transparent Electronics with Stretchable Forms.

Kukjoo Kim1,2, Young-Geun Park1,2, Byung Gwan Hyun1,2

  • 1Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are advancing stretchable and transparent electronics for next-generation devices like smart contact lenses and wearable sensors. This review highlights materials, fabrication, and applications, addressing current challenges and future opportunities in this dynamic field.

Keywords:
flexiblestretchabletransparentwearable

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electronics Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The demand for advanced electronics necessitates materials with unique properties like stretchability and transparency.
  • Emerging applications such as wearable sensors and smart contact lenses require novel electronic form factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in stretchable and transparent electronics.
  • To emphasize the development of suitable materials, including substrates and electrodes.
  • To present key applications and discuss future challenges and opportunities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research in stretchable and transparent electronics.
  • Focus on material science innovations for substrates and electrodes.
  • Analysis of application-specific performance and fabrication techniques.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing mechanically stretchable and optically transparent materials.
  • Various applications, including sensors, smart contact lenses, heaters, and neural interfaces, are now feasible.
  • Key material classes and fabrication strategies have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Stretchable and transparent electronics represent a rapidly evolving field with substantial potential.
  • Continued research into materials and fabrication is crucial for realizing next-generation electronic devices.
  • Addressing current challenges will unlock new opportunities in wearable and implantable electronics.