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Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under...
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An ellipse is a fundamental conic section defined by the constant sum of distances from any point on its curve to two fixed points, known as the foci. This geometric property can be physically demonstrated using a pencil, string, and two pins. By anchoring the string at both ends and maintaining it taut with a pencil, one can trace the outline of an ellipse.The shape and extent of the ellipse are determined by its eccentricity, e, defined as the ratio of the distance between the center and a...
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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
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Eccentric Arm Cycling: A Potential Exercise for Wheelchair Users.

Lydia L Lytle1, Jennifer L Dannenbring1, Matthew A Kilgas2

  • 1Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI; Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|December 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eccentric arm cycling offers wheelchair users a highly efficient workout, generating more power with less energy. This accessible exercise is safe and likable, showing promise for improved physical activity.

Keywords:
ExercisePhysical fitnessRehabilitationSpinal cord injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Rehabilitation Science
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Wheelchair users often face challenges in maintaining adequate physical activity levels.
  • Arm ergometry is a common exercise modality for wheelchair users, but traditional concentric methods may have limitations.
  • Eccentric exercise, characterized by muscle lengthening under load, offers unique physiological benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses to acute eccentric versus traditional concentric arm cycling in wheelchair users.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and usability of eccentric arm cycling as an exercise modality for this population.

Main Methods:

  • A single-group, repeated-measures design was employed in an exercise physiology laboratory.
  • Seven manual wheelchair users completed 5-minute trials of eccentric and concentric arm cycling at both isometabolic and isopower conditions.
  • Measurements included power output, oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation, blood lactate, and perceived exertion, along with secondary measures of soreness, likability, and usage intent.

Main Results:

  • Eccentric arm cycling produced approximately three times greater power output than concentric cycling at an isometabolic rate (80±36 W vs. 26±10 W).
  • At isopower output, oxygen consumption was halved during eccentric arm cycling compared to concentric cycling (0.66±0.15 L/min vs. 1.30±0.65 L/min).
  • Eccentric arm cycling also resulted in significantly lower heart rate and perceived exertion, with minimal post-exercise muscle soreness.

Conclusions:

  • Eccentric arm cycling demonstrates superior metabolic efficiency (high force, low energy cost) for wheelchair users.
  • The exercise is usable, accessible, safe, and likable, suggesting significant potential for this population.
  • Further research is warranted to confirm the long-term benefits and feasibility of implementing eccentric arm cycling for wheelchair users.