Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

3.2K
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
3.2K
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

8.6K
Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
8.6K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.4K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.4K
Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

6.7K
Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate....
6.7K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.6K
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
2.6K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Expanding the Gene Expression Profiling of Drug Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes to Include the Upper Female Reproductive Tract.

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Pharmacokinetics and preliminary data on safety of meloxicam subcutaneous extended-release formulation in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2026
Same author

Mechanism-Based Predictions of Local Tissue and Systemic Exposure for Drug Products Delivered Through the Female Reproductive Tract.

Journal of clinical pharmacology·2026
Same author

Anal Sex and Tenofovir Douche Sequence Impacts Colorectal Distribution of HIV Surrogate and Douche: DREAM-02.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Rectal Douche as HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Receptive Anal Intercourse: An End User Tenofovir Powder Sachet Preparation Feasibility Study (DREAM-04).

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2025
Same author

Tenofovir Douche as HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for Receptive Anal Intercourse: Safety, Acceptability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics (DREAM 01).

The Journal of infectious diseases·2023
Same journal

Chewable Tablets for Precise Unit Dosing of Animals.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2026
Same journal

The Landscape of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (nAbs) for Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2023
Same journal

Steady-State Data Reconciliation Framework for a Direct Continuous Tableting Line.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2023
Same journal

Vaccine Innovation Meta-Model for Pandemic Contexts.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2023
Same journal

Content Analysis of US FDA Warning Letters Issued to Compounding Pharmacies Regarding Violations of Current Good Manufacturing Practices Between 2017 and 2022.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2022
Same journal

Electrospun Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanofibrous Mat Loaded with Green Propolis Extract, Chitosan and Nystatin as an Innovative Wound Dressing Material.

Journal of pharmaceutical innovation·2022
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods
08:28

Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods

Published on: March 10, 2020

7.4K

A Quantitative Disintegration Method for Polymeric Films.

Sheila Grab1,2, Lisa C Rohan1,2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation
|December 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new quantitative method using a Texture Analyzer was developed to measure polymeric film disintegration, offering reproducible results for pharmaceutical film characterization in vitro.

Keywords:
Polymeric filmsdisintegrationquality by design (QbD)texture analyzer

More Related Videos

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo
11:01

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Published on: June 28, 2019

7.4K
Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
08:15

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

Published on: November 17, 2015

12.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods
08:28

Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods

Published on: March 10, 2020

7.4K
Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo
11:01

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Published on: June 28, 2019

7.4K
Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
08:15

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

Published on: November 17, 2015

12.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Current in vitro disintegration methods for polymeric films are subjective and prone to user bias.
  • Accurate characterization of film disintegration is crucial for pharmaceutical product development, especially for vaginal films.
  • Existing methods lack the quantitative precision needed for robust in vitro assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, quantitative disintegration technique for polymeric films.
  • To overcome the limitations of current qualitative in vitro methods.
  • To establish a reliable method for characterizing film disintegration in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • A Texture Analyzer instrument was employed for quantitative film disintegration evaluation.
  • Method development adhered to a Quality by Design (QbD) process.
  • Solvent-casted, clinically advanced, and marketed vaginal films were utilized.

Main Results:

  • The developed method provided reproducible quantitative disintegration times for a commercial vaginal contraceptive film (57.88 ± 5.98 sec.).
  • Significant differences in disintegration times were observed between tenofovir (41.28 ± 3.35 sec.) and dapivirine (88.36 ± 10.61 sec.) antiretroviral films (p < 0.001).
  • The method successfully distinguished between tenofovir and dapivirine films with altered volume and formulation (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • The novel quantitative method offers a robust approach for in vitro characterization of pharmaceutical films.
  • This technique can be applied across various pharmaceutical films for different indications.
  • Test parameters can be adjusted based on the intended site of application or specific indication.