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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis.

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Treatment strategy and long-term outcome in patients with deep lumbosacral arteriovenous fistulas. A single center analysis in nineteen patients.

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The clinical value of venous drainage in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula.

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Double spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
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Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

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[Navigation in lumbar spinal surgery: When is it useful?]

K Schöller1, F Jablawi2

  • 1Neurochirurgische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35392, Gießen, Deutschland. karsten.schoeller@neuro.med.uni-giessen.de.

Der Orthopade
|December 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spinal navigation enhances lumbar surgery accuracy and reduces radiation exposure. While not yet standard, its applications are expanding, especially for minimally invasive procedures, with potential for future widespread adoption.

Keywords:
3D-imagingAccuracyLumbar vertebraePedicle screwsSurgery, computer assisted

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Spinal navigation has significantly advanced since the mid-1990s.
  • It is increasingly utilized in lumbar spine surgery but not yet a standard technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications and advantages of spinal navigation in lumbar surgery.
  • To discuss the potential for future integration and optimization of navigation technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical applications of spinal navigation in lumbar procedures.
  • Analysis of benefits, limitations, and future trends in navigated spinal surgery.

Main Results:

  • Navigation offers high accuracy and reduced radiation exposure for surgical teams.
  • Current applications extend beyond pedicle screw instrumentation to various lumbar approaches and minimally invasive surgeries.
  • Challenges include the need for standardized workflows, intensive training, and demonstrated time/economic benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal navigation, particularly with intraoperative 3D imaging, has broad applications in lumbar surgery.
  • It is especially beneficial for minimally invasive operations, aiming for "total navigation" and zero radiation exposure.
  • Continued improvements in user comfort and image quality will drive future adoption.