Recent progress of cancer immunology and immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy began as a Coley's vaccine, and then, non-specific immuno- modulators, anti-tumor monoclonal antibody, cytokines, cancer vaccine (e.g. tumor antigens, dendritic cells, modified cancer cells), adoptive cell therapy (e.g. TIL, TCR/CAR-T cells), and immune-checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-Li, CTLA4 blocking antibody) have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. The last two immunotherapies have recently shown durable clinical effects even in the patients with advanced cancers. Progress of human cancer immu- nology has been made along with the development of immunotherapy. Particularly, the anal- ysis of clinical trials of the recent immune-checkpoint inhibitors resulted in the understand- ing of human cancer immune-environments. Further investigation with multi-omics and immunological studies will lead to development of more effective cancer immunotherapy.