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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
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Exercise Improves Vascular Function, but does this Translate to the Brain?

Jill N Barnes1,2, Adam T Corkery1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Brain Plasticity (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|December 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regular exercise and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, especially in midlife, may protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia by improving vascular health and cognitive function.

Keywords:
Physical activityblood flowblood pressureblood vesselscognition

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia prevalence is rising, necessitating effective interventions.
  • Aging and cardiovascular disease risk factors negatively impact vascular function and brain health.
  • Lifestyle behaviors, including exercise, can mitigate age-related vascular decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the hypothesis that cerebrovascular function mediates the link between exercise and cognition.
  • To examine the impact of exercise interventions on cerebral circulation.
  • To highlight the importance of midlife physical activity for long-term cognitive health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on exercise, vascular function, and cognition.
  • Analysis of research evaluating exercise interventions' effects on cerebral circulation.
  • Exploration of the role of cardiorespiratory fitness in midlife brain health.

Main Results:

  • Higher habitual exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness are linked to better vascular health and cognition.
  • Midlife physical activity and fitness predict future cognitive function.
  • Aerobic exercise's influence on cerebral circulation is a key area of investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebrovascular function is a potential mediator between exercise and cognitive benefits.
  • Exercise interventions show promise for improving cerebral circulation and cognitive outcomes.
  • Maintaining physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness is crucial for preventing cognitive decline associated with aging.