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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....

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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

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Structural reconstruction of germanosilicate frameworks by controlled hydrogen reduction.

Yue Ma¹, Hao Xu, Xue Liu

¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Rd. 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China. pwu@chem.ecnu.edu.cn jgjiang@chem.ecnu.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|December 20, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to alter germanosilicate structures by reducing framework germanium ions. This top-down strategy successfully created novel zeolite analogs from UTL germanosilicate using hydrogen reduction.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Germanosilicates are advanced materials with potential applications in catalysis and separation.
Zeolite structural diversity is crucial for developing new functionalities.
Top-down synthesis strategies offer a route to novel framework materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the selective solid-gas reduction of framework germanium ions in germanosilicates.
To explore a novel post-synthesis strategy for inducing structural evolution in germanosilicates.
To synthesize new zeolite structural analogs from UTL germanosilicate.

Main Methods:

Selective solid-gas reduction of UTL germanosilicate using hydrogen.
Characterization of the resulting materials using techniques such as X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy.
Analysis of structural changes induced by germanium ion reduction.

Main Results:

Successful demonstration of selective solid-gas reduction of framework Ge ions in germanosilicates.
Generation of a series of novel structural analogs of UTL germanosilicate.
Validation of the top-down post-synthesis approach for constructing new zeolite frameworks.

Conclusions:

Framework Ge ion reduction is a viable strategy for structural evolution in germanosilicates.
This method provides a promising route for the discovery of new zeolite structures.
The controlled reduction of UTL germanosilicate yields valuable structural analogs.