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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

12.8K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

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Olfactory dysfunction.

Sayaka Taniguchi, Atsushi Takeda

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |December 20, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Impaired sense of smell is an early sign of Parkinson's disease (PD), potentially preceding motor symptoms by years. Smell tests may aid in early PD diagnosis and identifying dementia risk in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD).

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Neurology
    • Clinical Diagnostics

    Background:

    • Parkinson's disease (PD) presents with non-motor symptoms, notably olfactory dysfunction.
    • Impaired sense of smell (hyposmia) often precedes motor symptoms in PD by several years.
    • Neuropathological changes in PD begin in olfactory brain regions, explaining early hyposmia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the diagnostic potential of olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease.
    • To evaluate smell tests as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD).

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing studies on olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
    • Analysis of the relationship between olfactory impairment and neuropathological changes.
    • Assessment of smell tests as diagnostic and prognostic tools.

    More Related Videos

    An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
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    An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

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    Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse
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    Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

    Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
    06:32

    Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

    Published on: June 5, 2017

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    An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
    09:33

    An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

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    Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse
    09:00

    Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

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    Main Results:

    • Olfactory dysfunction is a consistent early non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease.
    • The olfactory bulb is among the first brain regions affected neuropathologically in PD.
    • Severe olfactory dysfunction may indicate a prodromal stage of dementia associated with PD.

    Conclusions:

    • Smell tests are feasible tools for early Parkinson's disease diagnosis.
    • Olfactory testing shows potential as a biomarker for predicting Parkinson's disease dementia.
    • Addressing olfactory dysfunction could be crucial for comprehensive PD management.