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Validating Psychometric Questionnaires Using Experience-Sampling Data: The Case of Nightmare Distress.

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The Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ) may measure general negative dreams, not just nightmares. Only its "general nightmare distress" and "impact on sleep" subscales showed validity in this study.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sleep Science
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Nightmares are common and can cause significant distress, especially when recurrent.
  • The Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ) is widely used to assess nightmare-related distress but its validity is debated.
  • Understanding the precise validity of NDQ subscales is crucial for accurate clinical assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously analyze the validity of the three proposed subscales of the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ).
  • To investigate the relationship between nightmare distress and other daily life factors using an experience sampling method.
  • To determine if the NDQ specifically measures nightmares or broader negative dream experiences.

Main Methods:

  • An experience sampling study was conducted over 22 days with 92 participants using a mobile app for data collection.
  • Participants provided data twice daily on dream quality, critical life events, alcohol consumption, eating behavior, and well-being.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to assess convergent and divergent validity of NDQ subscales.

Main Results:

  • The NDQ subscales "general nightmare distress" and "impact on sleep" demonstrated convergent and divergent validity.
  • "Impact on daily reality perception" subscale validity remained unclear, suggesting an indirect association with nightmare distress.
  • All NDQ items failed to distinguish between bad dreams and nightmares, indicating it may measure general negative dream experiences.

Conclusions:

  • The NDQ may function as a measure of negative dreams broadly, rather than specifically nightmares.
  • Further validation using item-level, person-level, and multi-level approaches is recommended for concepts like dream content and recall-biased factors.
  • The study highlights the need for refined instruments to accurately capture nightmare-specific distress and related phenomena.