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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Why We Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics.

Nicholas Agar

    Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : CQ : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees
    |December 21, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Gene editing

    Keywords:
    eugenicsgene editingmoral marketingmorally problematic practicemorally wrong practicepreimplantation genetic diagnosis

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    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Genetics
    • Human Genome Editing

    Background:

    • The term "eugenics" is historically linked to severe ethical transgressions.
    • Gene editing technologies raise new questions about human heredity and selection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the relevance of eugenics to contemporary human gene editing.
    • To propose a framework for evaluating the ethics of eugenic gene editing practices.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of eugenics and gene editing.
    • Ethical distinction between "morally wrong" and "morally problematic" interventions.

    Main Results:

    • Some gene editing applications can be classified as eugenics.
    • Eugenic gene editing is proposed as "morally problematic," not inherently "morally wrong."
    • Certain uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis are identified as morally good eugenic interventions.

    Conclusions:

    • A nuanced ethical approach is needed for gene editing, distinguishing between harmful and manageable practices.
    • Comparing eugenic interventions to public health interventions offers a useful ethical model.
    • Acknowledging gene editing as eugenics highlights the risks of genetic selection and modification.