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Related Concept Videos

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
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Formaldehyde Release From Personal Care Products: Chromotropic Acid Method Analysis.

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Formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers (F/FRs) were detected in US personal care products, even when not listed on labels. This highlights potential risks for consumers, especially those with formaldehyde allergies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers (F/FRs) are common preservatives in personal care products.
  • Previous studies indicated potential formaldehyde presence in products with undeclared F/FRs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the presence of formaldehyde in US personal care products.
  • To assess the accuracy of product labeling regarding F/FRs.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 54 baby and adult personal care products using the chromotropic acid method.
  • A blinded investigator assessed color changes to quantify formaldehyde levels.

Main Results:

  • All 8 products declaring F/FRs showed strong formaldehyde presence.
  • 4 out of 46 (8.6%) products with undeclared F/FRs released formaldehyde, indicated by a mild reaction.

Conclusions:

  • 7.4% of tested products had labeling discrepancies regarding formaldehyde content.
  • Limitations in product labeling necessitate awareness for clinicians and formaldehyde-allergic individuals managing allergic contact dermatitis.