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Related Concept Videos

Distance Problem01:29

Distance Problem

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When an object's velocity changes over time, the total distance traveled can be determined by summing small displacement intervals over short increments. This approach approximates the true distance through numerical summation and the use of integral calculus. An estimate of the total displacement can be obtained by measuring velocity at regular intervals and multiplying each value by the corresponding time step.If a runner accelerates over the first three seconds of a race, speed measurements...
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The Distance Formula01:20

The Distance Formula

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In geometry, measuring the direct distance between two points on a plane is essential in various practical and theoretical applications. Whether in navigation, engineering, or computer graphics, determining the shortest path between two locations involves using the distance formula. This formula is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem, which relates the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. On a coordinate plane, the horizontal and vertical distances between two points serve as the legs of...
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Distance Corrections01:15

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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Distance Measurements by Taping01:18

Distance Measurements by Taping

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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
The estimate for the mean of a sample is denoted by ͞x, whereas the mean of the population is designated as μ. Further, parameters such...
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
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Time and distance estimation in children using an egocentric navigation task.

Kay Thurley1,2, Ulrike Schild3

  • 1Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. thurley@bio.lmu.de.

Scientific Reports
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Developmental psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Magnitude estimation, crucial for navigation, exhibits biases like the regression effect (central tendency) and range effect in adults.
  • These effects, where estimations shift towards the average and are influenced by stimulus range, are well-documented in adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in regression and range effects for time and distance estimation.
  • To compare magnitude estimation strategies between eleven-year-olds and young adults during virtual navigation.

Main Methods:

  • An egocentric virtual navigation task was employed to assess time and distance estimations.
  • Eleven-year-olds and young adults participated, allowing for a developmental comparison of cognitive biases.

Main Results:

  • Regression effects were more pronounced for distance than for time and varied with stimulus range in both age groups.
  • Eleven-year-olds exhibited stronger regression effects compared to adults, attributed to more heterogeneous performance within the child group.
  • While some children demonstrated adult-like accuracy, most showed less precise estimations with heightened regression effects.

Conclusions:

  • Children employ similar magnitude processing strategies to adults, but these are not fully developed by age eleven.
  • The refinement of magnitude estimation and associated cognitive biases continues throughout adolescence.
  • Findings highlight developmental trajectories in spatial and temporal cognition and their underlying biases.