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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Contrast Ultrasound Targeted Treatment of Gliomas in Mice via Drug-Bearing Nanoparticle Delivery and Microvascular Ablation
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Hypoxia-targeted drug delivery.

Amit Sharma1, Jonathan F Arambula, Seyoung Koo

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea. jongskim@korea.ac.kr.

Chemical Society Reviews
|December 22, 2018
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Summary

Hypoxia, a low-oxygen state in tumors, hinders drug delivery and efficacy. This review explores targeted strategies for hypoxia-activated drugs to improve cancer treatment and diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is prevalent in solid tumors, often due to abnormal vasculature.
  • Tumor hypoxia creates heterogeneous environments with low pH and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • This heterogeneity promotes tumor invasiveness, metastasis, angiogenesis, and multidrug resistance, reducing therapeutic efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review hypoxia-targeted and activated drug design strategies.
  • To discuss mechanisms of action for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
  • To address challenges in advancing hypoxia-targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hypoxia-targeted and activated drug formulations.
  • Analysis of drug/prodrug design strategies.
  • Examination of mechanisms for tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia-activated strategies can overcome limitations of conventional anticancer drugs.
  • Targeting tumor hypoxia offers potential for improved drug delivery and efficacy.
  • Various design strategies exist for formulating hypoxia-targeted drugs and prodrugs.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia-targeted and activated therapies represent a promising approach for cancer treatment.
  • Further development of these strategies can enhance anticancer drug efficacy and overcome resistance.
  • These approaches hold potential for both diagnosis and treatment of hypoxic tumors.