[New-concept animal vaccines emerging in recent years]

Animal infectious diseases pose a serious and continuing threat to the animal health and cause huge economic losses throughout the world. Vaccination is one of the most effective solutions to prevent and control animal infectious diseases. With the development of biotechnologies and the need for disease prevention and control, the focus of vaccine research has been shifted to the development of safe, efficient, broad-spectrum, low-dose and marker vaccines. Novel vaccines capable of inducing high levels of both humoral and cellular immune responses are promising to provide more efficient protection against animal infectious diseases. This minireview summarizes the development, applications, advantages and disadvantages of new-concept animal vaccines emerging in recent years, including mucosal vaccines, long-acting and fast-acting vaccines, chimeric vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines, and so on. Furthermore, we discuss future directions of the vaccines, in order to provide new insights for animal vaccine development.