Apelin/APJ system: A potential therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction-related diseases

APJ is a G protein-coupled receptor and its endogenous ligand is apelin. Studies have shown that apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the body, especially highly expressed in the vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Numerous reports have demonstrated that apelin/APJ system plays an important role in the regulation of ECs function. Our lab has demonstrated that apelin-13 is able to promote adhesion of monocyte-human umbilical vein EC via 14-3-3, and reactive oxygen species-autophagy signaling pathways. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory mechanism of apelin/APJ system in EC, including promotion of proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, we also analyze the role of apelin/APJ on endothelial dysfunction-related diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used agonists and antagonists of APJ. Therefore, apelin/APJ system is expected to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.