Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Weighted Mean00:57

Weighted Mean

6.3K
While taking the arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic mean of a sample data set, equal importance is assigned to all the data points. However, all the values may not always be equally important in some data sets. An intrinsic bias might make it more important to give more weightage to specific values over others.
For example, consider the number of goals scored in the matches of a tournament. While computing the average number of goals scored in the tournament, it may be more important to...
6.3K
Atomic Weight01:25

Atomic Weight

12.8K
Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams. Scientists arbitrarily define this amount of mass as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. As a result, they do not contribute much to an element's overall atomic mass. This means that, when considering atomic mass, it is customary to ignore the mass of any electrons and...
12.8K
Mass and Weight01:19

Mass and Weight

15.3K
Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never in the correct units of newtons. In physics, however, there is an important distinction. Weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on the distance from the center of the Earth. Weight dramatically varies if we leave the Earth's surface, unlike mass, which does not vary with location. On the Moon, for example, the...
15.3K
Apparent Weight01:09

Apparent Weight

9.8K
True weight is the measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. However, if the object accelerates, its measured weight is different from its true weight. Similar observations can be made when the object is submerged in water. An object's weight in water is its apparent weight, which is equal to the difference between its true weight and the buoyant forces.
Consider a person standing on a bathroom scale inside an elevator. If the scale is accurate at rest, its reading equals the...
9.8K
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

71.0K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
71.0K
Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

30.2K
Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
30.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Heart Disease in Arrest-Related Death.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
Same author

Optimizing defibrillation waveforms for the real world.

Heart rhythm·2026
Same author

Electric Security Fences for Power Substations: Electrical Safety of Induced Potentials.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same author

Promoting the prone position paranoia: Confusing correlation with causation.

Journal of forensic and legal medicine·2025
Same author

Post-mortem cardiomegaly descriptor: Call for consistent criteria.

Journal of forensic sciences·2025
Same author

Civilian "Stun" Guns: Neural or Aural Stimulation?

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same journal

Fatal Case of Severe Meconium Aspiration Syndrome in a Neonate Following Out-of-Hospital Water Birth: A Case Report With Brief Review of Literature.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
Same journal

A Retrospective, Forensic, and Epidemiological Analysis of Reported Rabies-Related Deaths in Şanlıurfa Province, 2012-2023.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
Same journal

Fatal Sigmoidorectal Intussusception Associated With a Colonic Vascular Lesion Showing AVM-Like Features: A Rare Case.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
Same journal

The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Suicide by Hanging: A Retrospective Forensic Assessment Based on Autopsies in Türkiye.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
Same journal

Cardiac Rupture Complicating Acute and Subacute Myocardial Infarction at Forensic Autopsy.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress
06:38

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

Published on: January 23, 2019

20.2K

Applied Force During Prone Restraint: Is Officer Weight a Factor?

Mark W Kroll, Michael A Brave1, Scott R Kleist2

  • 1LAAW International, LLC, Scottsdale, AZ.

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
|December 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Law enforcement officers applying double-knee techniques transmit more weight than single-knee methods. The Wisconsin single-knee technique applies the least force, and data do not support restraint asphyxia hypotheses.

More Related Videos

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

3.3K
Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress
06:38

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

Published on: January 23, 2019

20.2K
Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

3.3K
Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Forensic science
  • Biomechanics
  • Law enforcement safety

Background:

  • Concerns exist regarding law enforcement officer (LEO) weight on prone subjects potentially causing asphyxia.
  • This study investigates the forces exerted during prone restraint techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the weight force applied by law enforcement officers using various prone restraint techniques.
  • To compare the forces exerted by single-knee versus double-knee techniques.
  • To evaluate the influence of officer body weight on applied force.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-one law enforcement officers participated, employing agency-trained single- and double-knee techniques, including the "Wisconsin" 3-Point Ground Stabilization.
  • Weight force was measured during the application of these techniques.

Main Results:

  • The double-knee technique transmitted significantly more weight than single-knee techniques (P < 0.0001).
  • The Wisconsin single-knee technique exerted lower force than other single-knee methods (P < 0.0001).
  • Applied force for double-knee was 23.3 kg + 24% of officer weight; single-knee techniques ranged from 30.9 to 32.9 kg, with Wisconsin being lowest.

Conclusions:

  • Double-knee restraint techniques apply greater force than single-knee methods.
  • The Wisconsin single-knee technique is associated with the least force among single-knee options.
  • Officer body weight has minimal impact on single-knee force application but a modest influence on double-knee force; findings do not support restraint asphyxia.